Baranchuk, professor of medicine in the Division of Cardiology at Queen’s, searched for evidence-based, international recommendations on alcohol consumption for patients in relation to heart health. The best ones he could find were provided by the American Heart Association (AHA) – but some digging revealed the advice was issued on shaky ground. “The references for the recommendations were extremely weak and old, ending in the early 90s,” explains Baranchuk, who is also a member of the Heart Rhythm Service at Kingston Health Sciences Centre, president of the International Society of Electrocardiology and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Electrocardiology.

He saw a need and opportunity to address the glaring gap in expert knowledge about a widely consumed substance that is an important part of social and daily life for many patients. “Cardiologists can all agree on the benefits of regular exercise and a Mediterranean diet for the heart, and the harmful effects of tobacco,” says Baranchuk. “How can we be in such disagreement about something almost all patients are exposed to?”

Baranchuk and two students in his lab – life sciences student Sohaib Haseeb and internal medicine resident Bryce Alexander – conducted a comprehensive, in-depth review of 100 relevant studies and guidelines on wine and cardiovascular health from the early 1980s until today. The review was published in Circulation, the AHA’s high-impact journal, in October 2017 with Haseeb as first author. “Our goal was to provide a single, in-depth review that covers the evidence of the pros and cons of wine consumption on heart health in an objective, balanced way,” says Baranchuk.

Their research identified many epidemiological and experimental studies that found light to moderate drinking of red wine protects heart health. Red wine contains over 500 chemical substances, including “polyphenols,” which contribute to heart health in various ways. The review describes specific mechanisms of action through which the chemical components of red wine, particularly certain types of polyphenols, reduce heart disease risk. “The evidence suggests that polyphenols reduce low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol, help platelets function better, decrease inflammation, increase insulin sensitivity, improve blood pressure and slow down atherosclerosis,” explains Baranchuk.

Because so much attention has been given to red wine’s cardioprotective benefits, it has gained a reputation as a “healthy” alcohol. If one or two glasses every day are good for your heart, there’s a danger that marketers and consumers can leap to an assumption that three, four or more glasses are as good or even better.

Drinking too much wine, however, increases the risk of arrhythmias, heart attacks, sudden cardiac death, liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and cancer, as well as impaired judgement and violent behaviour. “Once you cross the threshold of a safe amount to drink, the harmful effects of consuming wine or other types of alcohol override the benefits. The things you’re doing to help your heart produce exactly the opposite effect if you cross that threshold,” he says.

Baranchuk believes that cardiologists need to reach an evidence-based consensus on the amount or dose of wine that’s healthy and the dose that’s not, so they can provide clear recommendations to patients on both benefits and harms. The Circulation paper identified one key challenge that needs to be overcome to do this: “The definition of ‘one standard drink’ used in each guideline varies remarkably by country. This causes great confusion,” says Baranchuk, noting that the size of a standard glass of wine can range from four to eight ounces, for example.

Baranchuk is now surveying the opinions and recommendations of cardiologists, internal medicine specialists and general physicians in Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Japan and Canada as a first step towards creating consistent, widely-accepted international guidelines on alcohol consumption and cardiovascular health for health care professionals and patients. “Our goal is to harmonize alcohol consumption guidelines at the highest level and provide clear answers about what cardiologists should recommend,” he says.

While a group of cardiologists may disagree while sharing a bottle of vino, Baranchuk’s deep dive into the pro and cons of wine consumption after their conversation points to a simple, common-sense prescription. Wine is justifiably popular for its taste and varied flavours, as a social drink to help people relax, and for its heart-healthy benefits if you enjoy just a glass or two.