PEARL

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Boreal Lake Photos Example images of some soft water boreal lakes that are susceptible to aqueous calcium decline.
A typical boreal lake, in the Muskoka-Haliburton region of Ontario. (Photo: Kris Hadley, Queen's University)	A boreal lake situated in the Turkey Lakes Watershed of the Algoma Region of central Ontario. (Photo: Dean Jeffries, Environment Canada)	Another example of a boreal lake in the Turkey Lakes Watershed. (Photo: Dean Jeffries, Environment Canada)
An aerial view of Plastic Lake. Sediment cores from this lake were examined in the study. (Photo: Canadian Wildlife Service (Ontario Region))	Aerial photo of a boreal lake typical of Northern Ontario. (Photo: Canadian Wildlife Service (Ontario Region))	Aerial landscape photo showing a number of boreal lakes typical of Northern Ontario. (Photo: Canadian Wildlife Service (Ontario Region))
Big Moose Lake, NY, USA. Located in the Adirondacks, this is another one of the lakes examined in the study. (Photo: Brian Cumming, Queen's University)	A typical Adirondack lake, NY, USA. (Photo: Brian Cumming, Queen's University)	An example of a boreal lake in Nova Scotia, Canada. (Photo: Brian Ginn, Queen's University)
Crustacean Zooplankton These images are of small animals (crustacean zooplankton) that are common herbivores in aquatic systems. Daphnia are often referred to as "water fleas"
Daphnia mendotae - an example of a calcium-rich crustacean zooplankton. (Photo: Shelley Arnott, Queen's University)	Bosmina sp. - an example of a calcium-poor crustacean zooplankton. (Photo: Jessica Forrest)	Another example of Daphnia mendotae - a calcium-rich crustacean zooplankton. (Photo: Jessica Forrest)
Crustacean Zooplankton Fossils These images are of individual parts of crustacean zooplankton that preserve in lake sediments. Counting changes in the abundances of these remains allows paleolimnologists to make inferences of past population fluctuations in these indicators.
Post-abdominal claw from a calcium-rich daphniid, one of its body parts that preserves well in sediments. (Photo: Anna DeSellas, Queen's University)	Bosmina sp. carapace, one of its body parts that preserves well in lake sediments. (Photo: Anna DeSellas, Queen's University)	Another view of a post-abdominal claw from a calcium-rich daphniid fossil from lake sediments. (Photo: Anna DeSellas, Queen's University)
Paleolimnology Fieldwork Images of field crews obtaining the lake sediment cores used in paleolimnological analyses
A field crew setting out to collect a sediment core from the deep basin of a lake. (Photo: Wendel Keller)	Field crew retrieving a sediment core. (Photo: Wendel Keller)	A sediment core collected, measured and ready to be sectioned. (Photo: Christine Greenaway, Queen's University)
A sediment core being extruded into sections. (Photo: Marianne Douglas, University of Alberta)	In deeper lakes, a winch system is sometimes used to aid in retrieval of the sediment cores. (Photo: Brian Cumming, Queen's University)	Slicing of a sediment core into individual 0.5 cm sections. The deeper you go in the sediments, the older it is. (Photo: Brian Ginn, Queen's University)
Other calcium-rich biota potentially sensitive to calcium decline Examples of other aquatic biota that require large amounts of calcium and may be negatively impacted by reduced aqueous calcium availability
The high calcium content of crayfish may make them another group potentially sensitive to calcium decline. [A pair of Orconectes virilis in Lake 239 at the ELA]. (Photo: Michael Turner, Fisheries and Oceans Canada)	The high calcium content of mussels may make them another taxonomic group potentially sensitive to calcium decline. [Photo shows a Pyganodon grandis grandis individual from Lake 375 at the ELA]. (Photo: Michael Turner, Fisheries and Oceans Canada)	The high calcium content of snails and other gastropods may make them another taxonomic group potentially sensitive to calcium decline. [This snail (taxonomic identity uncertain) is from Lake of the Woods and is acting as a host surface for Hydra]. (Photo: Michael Turner, Fisheries and Oceans Canada)