PEARL Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory

PEARL

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Queen's University

Over two thousand years of Andean Condor poop reveals a history of volcanism, diet change, contaminants, and human impacts in Argentina

 


The study nest with a large condor chick a year before the study. Photo by Lorenzo Sympson.


Kingston, ON–The discovery of a doughnut-shaped deposit of condor guano in Patagonia led researchers to a millennia-scale record of condor behaviour and diet, shedding light on the region’s legacy of volcanic and human impacts on this species-at-risk.

Andean Condors nest in areas that are protected from the elements and predators, such as under rock overhangs and shallow caves on cliff faces. Quality nesting sites are limited, so they are often reused from generation to generation, provided that local environmental conditions will support breeding activity

The condor nest site and guano deposit used in this study is in Argentine Patagonia, Neuquén Province, within Nahuel Huapi National Park. The dry climate and the overhanging rock ledge have preserved and protected the site and its guano deposit for at least 2200 years.

“It’s a somewhat unorthodox and special record” says lead author Dr. Matthew Duda, who completed the work while he was a doctoral student at Queen’s University. “Through a variety of analyses and paleoecological techniques, we provide evidence that periods of volcanic eruptions and ash falls may have disrupted the suitability of the region to support nesting condors for various lengths of time. But when the eruptive period waned, the local environment presumably became capable of supporting the birds once again and nesting resumed.” This study reveals that condors can reclaim a traditional nesting site generations after an extended period of little-to-no use.

Preserved ancient DNA, stable isotopes, metals, and organic compounds like cholesterol also provided a record of condor diet exposure to contaminants over the ~2200-year history of the deposit. These data showed a marked change in diet attributable to landscape-scale human impact. When the environment began to rapidly change following European colonization ~150 years ago, the diet changed from native guanaco, and beached whales, to domesticated livestock like sheep. As people changed the availability of food items by replacing native fauna with ranched livestock, condors switched diets to available resources.

The deposit also records environmental contamination of lead as condors will eat the carcasses of animals shot with lead shot, inadvertently leading to metal contamination. Similarly, mercury was elevated in adult condors, likely due to the rapid urbanization and development of Patagonia.

“Given the absence of direct, long-term monitoring data, paleoecological studies such as the one conducted here, can provide important information on, for example, diet changes and exposure to contaminants.” Notes co-author Dr. John P. Smol, a biology professor and co-director of the Paleoecological
Environmental Assessment and Research Lab
(PEARL) at Queen’s University. “Such studies can be applied to other condor breeding and roosting sites, as well as other species leaving similar deposits, providing key information needed for conservation and restoration of vulnerable populations.”

The study was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B on May 3rd, 2023.

Other members of the international research team include Christopher Grooms, Lorenzo Sympson, Jules Blais, Daniel Dagodzo, Wenxi Feng, Kristen Hayward, Matthew Julius, Linda Kimpe, Sergio Lambertucci, Daniel Layton-Matthews, Stephen Lougheed, Julieta Massaferro, Neal Michelutti, Pier Pufahl, and April Vuletich.

Funding was mainly provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).



To request a PDF of the original artical, email John Smol or Chris Grooms.


Contact Information for authors:

Matthew Duda
Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
16mpd3@queensu.ca

Christopher Grooms
Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
groomsc@queensu.ca

Lorenzo Sympson
Sociedad Naturalista Andino Patagónica (SNAP), R8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
lorsymp@bariloche.com.ar

Jules M. Blais
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
Jules.Blais@uottawa.ca

Daniel Dagodzo
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1N 6N5
ddago070@uottawa.ca

Wenxi Feng
Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
14wwf@queensu.ca

Kristen Hayward
Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
k.hayward@queensu.ca

Matthew L. Julius
Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA
mljulius@stcloudstate.edu

Linda Kimpe
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
linda.kimpe@uottawa.ca

Sergio Lambertucci
Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET,
Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
slambertucci@comahue-conicet.gob.ar

Daniel Layton-Matthews
Queen’s Facility for Isotope Research (QFIR)
Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering
Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
dlayton@queensu.ca

Stephen Lougheed
Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
lough@queensu.ca

Julieta Massaferro
CENAC/APN, National Park Administration – National Research Council (CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
julimassaferro@hotmail.com

Neal Michelutti
Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
nm37@queensu.ca

Peir Pufahl
Queen’s Facility for Isotope Research (QFIR)
Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering
Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
peir.pufahl@queensu.ca

April Vuletich
Queen’s Facility for Isotope Research (QFIR)
Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering
Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
vuletich@queensu.ca

John P. Smol
Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
smolj@queensu.ca



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